中國半導體產業技術創新效率評價研究——來自A股上市公司的經驗證據
張熠1,2,3,焦飛飛1,王先甲4
(1.湖北工業大學 經濟與管理學院,湖北 武漢430068;
2.湖北數字工業經濟發展研究中心,湖北 武漢430068;
3.湖北工業研究院,湖北 武漢430068;
4.武漢大學 經濟與管理學院,湖北 武漢430072)
摘要:當前嚴峻的國際競爭格局使得中國半導體產業面臨前所未有的挑戰,提升其技術創新效率成為各界專家學者討論的焦點。本文基於2019—2022年中國半導體產業76家上市公司技術創新投入和產出的相關數據,將半導體產業鏈上市公司分為設計、製造、封測、設備和材料5個環節,運用BCC-DEA和Malmquist-DEA模型對半導體產業整體以及產業鏈各環節的技術創新效率進行了靜態、動態評價以及投入冗餘分析。研究發現:(1)從靜態視角來看,中國半導體產業整體技術創新效率不高,純技術效率雖在提高,但DEA有效的企業數量呈下降趨勢,總數不及1/5,設計、設備和材料環節技術創新效率的平均值高於行業平均水平,製造和封測環節的技術創新效率較為薄弱;(2)從動態視角來看,中國半導體產業Malmquist生產率變化波動較大,整體技術創新效率呈下降趨勢,製造和封測環節的技術創新效率呈增長趨勢,設計、設備、材料環節的技術創新效率呈下降趨勢;(3)從投入冗餘來看,研發人員和固定資產投入冗餘情況較為突出,研發費用投入冗餘不顯著。本文補充了半導體產業技術創新的定量研究,並進一步拓展了其研究視角,為優化半導體產業資源配置、提升技術創新效率提供切實可行的實證依據與政策建議。
關鍵詞:半導體產業;技術創新效率;BCC-DEA模型;Malmquist-DEA模型;評價
主要研究結論:本文通過對半導體產業鏈的細緻劃分,基於2019—2022年中國半導體產業76家上市企業技術創新投入和產出的相關數據,運用BCC-DEA和Malmquist-DEA模型對全產業鏈以及各環節的技術創新效率進行了靜態和動態效率評價以及投入冗餘分析。得出以下結論:
(1)從靜態視角來看,2019—2022年中國半導體產業鏈以及各環節技術創新的綜合效率均不高。產業鏈技術創新綜合效率雖呈上升趨勢,但綜合效率為1的企業由16家下降至13家,不及總樣本企業的1/5,大部分企業技術創新效率未達到最優水平。研究期間僅設備環節的綜合效率呈逐年遞增趨勢,其餘環節均有不同程度波動,並且各環節的純技術效率普遍低於規模效率。因此中國半導體產業鏈與各環節的技術創新效率仍有很大提升空間,可從管理、技術、資源配置等方面進行優化調整。本文通過對半導體產業鏈的細緻劃分,將研究對象由產業鏈整體拓展至各環節進行實證分析,不僅補充了半導體產業技術創新的定量研究,同時也為半導體產業技術創新相關研究提供了新的分析視角。
(2)從動態視角來看,2019—2022年,中國半導體產業Malmquist生產率指數變化波動較大,均值為0.954<1,整體技術創新效率呈下降趨勢。就產業鏈各環節而言,製造和封測環節的Malmquist生產率指數均值大於1,呈增長趨勢;設計、設備、材料環節小於1,呈下降趨勢。進一步從分解結果中可以看出,中國半導體產業鏈以及各環節Malmquist生產率指數的下降主要源於技術進步指數(TC)的減少,一定程度上與技術封鎖和企業自身技術創新能力不足有關。本研究將半導體產業技術創新效率研究由靜態視角延伸至動態視角,彌補了單一靜態分析無法體現技術創新效率演化趨勢的不足。
(3)從投入冗餘來看,2019—2022年中國半導體產業研發人員冗餘比例和固定資產冗餘比例較為突出,分別為13.60%和13.14%,可通過縮減研發人員數量,減少固定資產投入以提升技術創新效率。研發費用冗餘比例不顯著,為2.82%,明顯低於研發人員冗餘和固定資產冗餘,可適當調整研發費用投入以進一步提升其技術創新效率。本研究在靜態與動態分析的基礎上進一步剖析半導體產業技術創新投入資源的冗餘情況,對優化半導體產業資源配置、提升其技術創新效率提供了切實可行的依據。
Research on evaluation of the technological innovation efficiency of the semiconductor industry in China:Some empirical evidence from A-share listed companies
Zhang Yi1,2,3, Jiao Feifei1,Wang Xianjia4
(1. School of Economics and Management, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, Hubei, China;
2. Hubei Digital Industrial Economy Development Research Center, Wuhan 430068, Hubei, China;
3. Hubei Industrial Research Institute, Wuhan 430068, Hubei, China;
4. School of Economics and Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China)
Abstract:The current severe international competition pattern has made China′s semiconductor industry face unprecedented challenges, and improving its technological innovation efficiency has become the focus of discussion by experts and scholars from all walks of life. Based on the relevant data of technological innovation input and output of 76 listed enterprises in China′s semiconductor industry from 2019 to 2022, this paper classified the listed companies in the semiconductor industry into five links: design, fabricate, assembly and test, equipment and materials, and used the BCC-DEA and Malmquist-DEA models to conduct a static and dynamic evaluation analysis and investment redundancy analysis of the technological innovation efficiency of the whole industry and all links of the industrial chain. The results showed that: (1) From the static perspective, the overall technological innovation efficiency of listed enterprises in China′s semiconductor industry is not high. Although pure technical efficiency is improving, the number of DEA effective enterprises is declining, less than 1/5 of the total. The average value of technological innovation efficiency in design, equipment and materials is higher than the industry average, and the technological innovation efficiency in fabricate and assembly and test is relatively weak. (2) From the perspective of dynamics, the total factor productivity of China′s semiconductor industry fluctuates greatly and the overall technological innovation efficiency shows a downward trend, while that of fabrication and assembly and test shows an overall growth trend, and that of design, equipment and materials show a downward trend. (3) From the perspective of investment redundancy, the redundancy of R&D personnel and fixed assets investment is more prominent, and that of R&D expenditure is not significant. This paper will supplement the quantitative research on technological innovation in the semiconductor industry, further expand its research perspective, and provide practical empirical basis and policy recommendations for optimizing resource allocation in the semiconductor industry and improving the efficiency of technological innovation.
Key words:semiconductor industry; technological innovation efficiency; BCC-DEA model; Malmquist-DEA model; evaluation
引用本文:張熠,焦飛飛,王先甲.中國半導體產業技術創新效率評價研究——來自A股上市公司的經驗證據[J].科研管理,2024,45(9):11-20.